NARESHBHAI ALIAS DHOLIO DALUSINH PARMAR v. STATE OF GUJARAT

R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD R/CRIMINAL APPEAL (AGAINST CONVICTION) NO. 806 of 2016

FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:

HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE ILESH J. VORA

and

HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE R. T. VACHHANI

========================================= Approved for Reporting Yes No ========================================= NARESHBHAI ALIAS DHOLIO DALUSINH PARMAR Versus STATE OF GUJARAT ========================================= Appearance:

VASIMRAJA A KURESHI(8609) for the Appellant(s) No. 1 MR. JAY G THAKER(9944) for the Opponent(s)/Respondent(s) No. 1 MR HARDIK MEHTA, APP for the Opponent(s)/Respondent(s) No. 1 ========================================= CORAM:HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE ILESH J. VORA and HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE R. T. VACHHANI

Date : 11/12/2025

ORAL JUDGMENT

(PER : HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE R. T. VACHHANI)

1. The present Criminal Appeal is preferred by the a ppellant– original accused under Section 374(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, challenging the judgment and order of conviction and sentence dated 07-05-2016 passed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Vadodara in Sessions Case arising o ut of Karjan P.S. I-C.R. No. 181/2014, whereby the appellant Nareshbhai @ Dholiyo Kalusinh Parmar was convicted under Section s 302, 323 and 452 IPC and Section 135 of the Gujarat Police Act and Page 1 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 sentenced to life imprisonment with 昀椀ne of Rs.100/- in default 1 month RI, for Section 302, 1 year RI with 昀椀ne of Rs.100/- in default 1 month RI, for Section 323, 3 years RI with 昀椀ne of Rs.100/- in default 1 month RI, for Section 452 and 1 month RI for Section 135 G.P. Act, all substantive sentences to run concurre ntly with set-o昀昀 of the period already undergone.

2. The case of the prosecution, in brief, is that on 24-10-2014 at about 16:30 hours at House No.41, Shantiniketan Soci ety, Karjan, District Vadodara, the deceased Rameshbhai Domapras ad Maurya was standing on the otla of his house talking on hi s mobile phone with his nephew Vikas. At that time, the appellant-accused Nareshbhai @ Dholiyo Kalusinh Parmar, who resides i n the same society and who was nursing a grudge since April 20 14 (when the deceased had allegedly looked at his wife Sangeeta while sitting on the otla), suddenly came running with an open sword in his hand.

Seeing the accused, the deceased ran inside the hou se to close the iron grill door (jali). While the deceased was in the process of closing the grill, the accused thrust the sword thr ough the gap between two iron bars and in昀氀icted a single deep wound on the left side of the chest of the deceased. When the wife of the deceased, Kaushalyaben, rush and shouted “Why are you doing t his? What harm have we done to you?”, the accused slapped her twice on the right cheek and attempted to throttle her. On hearing shouts, neighbours and relatives gathered, whereupon the accused 昀氀ed towards his house threatening dire consequences. The injured Rameshbhai was immediately taken on a motorcycle by his son Satishbhai and one Arunbhai to Sumeru Hospital, Kar jan, where he succumbed to the injury at about 17:00 hours the sa me day. Thus, the prosecution alleged that the accused, with the intention and knowledge that the act was su昀昀icient in the ordinar y course of Page 2 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 nature to cause death, committed the murder of Rameshbhai, voluntarily caused hurt to Kaushalyaben, committed house-trespass with intent to commit an o昀昀ence punishable with imp risonment for life, and also violated the prohibitory order regar ding possession of deadly weapons, thereby committing o昀昀ences punishable under Sections 302, 323, 452 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 135 of the Gujarat Police Act.

3. Upon the oral complaint of the son of the decease d, PW-10 Satishkumar Rameshbhai Maurya at Exh.21, given before P.I.

Deepakbhai Divawala at Karjan Police Station on 24- 10-2014 itself, FIR was registered vide Karjan P.S. I-C.R. No.181/2014. The investigation was carried out by PW-23 P.I. Deepakb hai Mohanlal Divawala at Exh.58. He immediately rushed to the pl ace of o昀昀ence, drew the scene of o昀昀ence panchnama, collected blood samples, recorded statements of material witnesses including complainant Satishbhai, eye-witnesses Kaushalyaben (wife), Suni taben (daughter), Hiteshbhai (guest), carried out inquest of the dead body, sent the body for post-mortem, arrested the a ccused on the next day, recovered the blood stained sword and clo thes of the accused at the instance of the accused under Sectio n 27 of the Evidence Act from the cattle shed of the brother in law of the accused, seized the blood stained clothes of the de ceased, sent all muddamal articles and samples to FSL, obtained the post-mortem report, FSL reports, and after completion of invest igation 昀椀led the charge sheet before the learned Judicial Magistrate First Class, Karjan, which was subsequently committed to the Court of Sessions at Vadodara under Section 209 Cr.P.C.

4. The learned Additional Sessions Judge, Vadodara framed charge at Exh.3 against the appellant-accused for t he aforesaid Page 3 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 o昀昀ences. The accused pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.

5. To prove the charges, the prosecution examined in all 23 witnesses and exhibited 33 documentary evidences.

Oral Evidences:

Sr.

No.

Particulars Exh. Details

1 Dhavalkumar Shanubhai Parmar 8 Panch Witness 2 Nathukumar Bindrabhai Kushwah 11 Panch Witness 3 Chhaganbhai Shankarbhai Parmar 13 Panch Witness 4 Harisingh Chandrasingh Barkala 14 Panch Witness 5 Vanrajsinh Harisingh Rajput 16 Panch Witness 6 Kiritsinh Nathubhava Sindha 17 Panch Witness 7 PratikKumar Sureshchandra Shah 18 Panch Witness 8 Sirajbhai Ha昀椀jbhai Saiyad 20 Panch Witness 9 Satishbhai Rameshbhai Morya 21 Complainant 10 Sunitaben Chhaganbhai Parmar 23 Witness 11 Jagrutiben Chhaganbhai Parmar 24 Witness 12 Lilaben Khushalbhai Parmar 25 Witness 13 Indradhatiben Hariram Morya 26 Witness 14 Revaben Shanubhai Parmar 27 Witness 15 Bhagyeshkumar Shashikant Shah 28 Panch Witness 16 Bharatkumar Rameshchandra Purohit 32 Panch Witness 17 Hiteshkumar Hariram Maurya 34 Witness 18 Renuben Hiteshkumar Maurya 35 Witness 19 Dr. Anilkumar Bhagvatprasad Chaudhry 36 Medical O昀昀i cer 20 Dr. Shivratan Jugalkishor Modi 40 Medical O昀昀icer Page 4 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 Sr.

No.

Particulars Exh. Details

21 Dr. Ganeshbhai Bhaskarbhai Rane 45 Medical O昀昀icer 22 Kaushalyaben Rameshbhai Maurya 47 Witness 23 Dipakbhai Mohanlal Divavala 58 Investigating O昀昀icer Documentary Evidences:

Sr.

No.

Particulars

Exh.

1 Accused's Search Panchnama 9

2 Crime Scene Panchnama 10

3 Pancha's Signed Slip 12

4 Accused's Arrest Panchnama 15

5 Deceased's Clothes Seizure Panchnama 19 6 Complaint 22 7 Section 27 Panchnama 30 8 Section 27 Weapon Seizure Panchnama 31 9 Letter Written to Hospital 37 10 Examination Report 38 11 Letter Written to FSL 39 12 Letter Written to Provide PM Note Copy 41 13 PM Report 42 14 Letter Written to Provide Certi昀椀cate 43 15 Blood Sample Report 45 16 Hospital Letter 46 17 Inquest Panchnama 48 Page 5 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 Sr.

No.

Particulars

Exh.

18 Letter Written for PM 49

19 Incident Site Primary Report 50

20 Letter Written by Chief O昀昀icer 51

21 Letter for Preparing and Sending Map 52 22 Crime Scene Map 53 23 Muddamal Dispatch Note 54 24 FSL Muddamal Receipt 55 25 Jahernama/ Noti昀椀cation 56 26 FSL Certi昀椀cate 57 27 Police Report Sent with PM 59 28 List 60 29 Letter Written for Handing Over Body and Taking Samples 61 30 Body Handover Receipt 62 31 Body Custody Receipt 63 32 List Written for Treatment Certi昀椀cate 64 33 Muddamal Receipt 65 6. After closure of prosecution evidence, the furthe r statement of the accused under Section 313 Cr.P.C. was recorded wherein the accused denied all incriminating circumstances and stated that a false case has been foisted upon him. No defence evidence was led.

7. Learned advocate for the appellant-accused furthe r submitted that the appellant has already undergone a substantial period of incarceration, having completed more than 10 years of Page 6 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 actual imprisonment till date. It was urged that in view of the nature of the incident, which occurred in a sudden heat of passion without premeditation, coupled with the prolonged period of custody already su昀昀ered, the sentence may appropriately be reduced to the period undergone, more so when the a ppellant is the sole earning member of his family and his continued incarceration would cause irreparable hardship to h is dependents.

In such circumstances referred to above, Mr. Kureshi learned advocate for the appellant, prayed that there being merits in this appeal, and same may be allowed and further prayed that the judgment of conviction and order of sentence be modi昀椀ed accordingly.

8. Learned APP, Mr. Hardik Mehta, while strongly sup porting the 昀椀ndings of the Sessions court on the reliabilit y of the ocular testimony of the injured eye-witness, the medical evidence establishing that the injuries were su昀昀icient in th e ordinary course of nature to cause death, the discovery of the weapon at the instance of the appellant and the incriminating FSL report, very candidly submitted the appellant given a blow on th e vital part of the body and as per the medical evidence, which pro ves that the act was done with intention of causing death and ca using such bodily injury which the accused presumed to be knew that it likely to cause death by in昀氀icting such injury and as per the opinion of the doctor, the injuries were su昀昀icient in ordinary course of nature to cause death and, therefore, it was submitted tha t the case is not one falling within ambit of Section 304 part-I, II, but the case falls within clauses 2nd and 3rd of Section 300. Especial ly when the same has been supported by the eye witnesses and th eir evidence is corroborated by medical evidence.

Page 7 of 16

R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 9. Having heard the learned advocate for the appella nt and the learned APP for the state and has considered the en tire evidence on record and the submissions advanced on behalf of the appellant, the core issue that arises for determination is whe ther, in the facts and circumstances of the present case, the conviction of the appellant under Section 302 of the IPC for the o昀昀en ce of murder is sustainable or whether the act would fall within the ambit of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, attracting Section 304 Part I IPC.

Factual Matrix coupled with reasoning:-

10. The record demonstrates that the quarrel arose s uddenly on New Year's day over an unresolved issue relating to the accused's wife, leading to a violent confrontation. The accused did not initially arm himself but was seen holding an open sword during the incident. Evidence from witnesses indicates tha t the assault occurred in a 昀椀t of anger following verbal exchange s and physical altercations. This Court 昀椀nds no premeditation or prior intention on the part of the accused to cause the death of the deceased Rameshbhai. However, the blow was in昀氀icted on a vit al part of the body, the chest, penetrating the heart with considerable force. This establishes that the accused had knowledge that suc h an act was likely to cause death, though intention to kill cannot be conclusively inferred. Therefore, while the act constitutes culp able homicide, it lacks the essential ingredient of intention to elev ate it to murder under Section 300 IPC.

11. From the evidence on record, particularly the po st-mortem report and the testimony of Dr. Shivratan Jugalkish or Modi who examined the deceased, it clearly emerges that Rameshbhai Page 8 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 sustained a penetrating injury in the middle part of the chest, measuring 3 × 2 × 2 cm, with sharp and clear margin s, extending obliquely upwards to the anterior wall of the right ventricle of the heart, accompanied by 800-1000 ml of intra-thoracic bleeding. An abrasion on the right eyebrow was also noted. The d octor opined that these injuries were ante-mortem and caused by a long-edged weapon like a sword, leading to shock and massive h emorrhage as the cause of death. Additional testimony from Dr. Ganeshbhai Bhaskarbhai Rane, who 昀椀rst examined the deceased at Sumeru Hospital, con昀椀rmed a wound approximately 4 × 2 × 10 cm in the chest caused by a sharp object. Although cross-examination suggested possibilities like collision with an edged object, the scene panchnama and evidence rule out accidental ca uses such as falling on a stone or iron jali, as no such element s were present or supported by defense. The nature, depth, and location of the injuries indicate considerable force, demonstrating knowledge of likely death or serious harm, but not conclusive intention to kill.

12. The prosecution has examined witnesses including PW-13 Indravatiben Hariram Maurya at Exh. 26, who, after being declared hostile, stated in questioning that she saw the accused Naresh holding an open sword, slapping and throttling Kaus halyaben, and 昀氀eeing with the sword after the incident. Her testi mony, read with that of other witnesses like Kaushalyaben's son and medical evidence, indicates the accused's presence and assault. The manner of occurrence shows the deceased was talking on the mobile outside due to network issues, rushed inside blood soaked after being struck, and was taken to Sumeru Hospita l where he succumbed after initial treatment. Eyewitness accou nts from the deceased's family, including the hue and cry attrac ting intervention, con昀椀rm the death was not natural but resulted from Page 9 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 the sword blow. However, the question requiring con sideration, in view of the entire evidence, is the circumstances u nder which the deceased died, pointing to sudden provocation witho ut premeditated murder.

13. It transpires that the prosecution in support of its case has examined multiple witnesses, however, out of these, the key injured witness Kaushalyaben and family members like Indrav atiben have narrated the incident, corroborating the accused's assault with a sword leading to the fatal injury.

14. It transpires from the entire material placed fo r consideration, including the F.S.L. report, that th e blood group of the deceased Rameshbhai was “O”. The blood samples collected from the place of incident as well as the blood detected on the shirt and banian worn by the deceased were also of “O” gr oup. Though only “insu昀昀icient blood” was detected on the muddam al sword, the same was recovered the next night pursuant to the disclosure statement of the accused under Section 27 of the Ev idence Act, by which time the blood had dried, explaining the insu 昀昀iciency. No other explanation for the presence of the deceased’ s blood at the spot and on his clothes exists. The defence suggest ion that the injury was caused by collision with the iron jali o r any other object stands completely disproved. The prosecution has th us established beyond doubt that the sword that was recovered at t he instance of the accused is the very weapon used in the crime.

15. The act of the accused in arming himself with a prohibited sword on the day the weapon ban was in force, coming to the house of the deceased, and thrusting the sword into the m iddle of the chest (a vital part) with such force that it penetr ated up to the Page 10 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 anterior wall of the right ventricle of the heart, causing massive intra-thoracic haemorrhage of 800–1000 ml and instan t collapse, has been proved beyond any reasonable doubt by cons istent ocular evidence corroborated by prompt medical evidence an d the F.S.L.

report. The plea that the fatal injury could have b een accidental or caused by any means other than the deliberate thrus t of the sword is wholly untenable.

16. In the case on hand, the assault appears to have been triggered by a sudden quarrel on arising out of an old delusion that the deceased used to look at the accused’s wife wit h bad intention.

Though the single thrust by sword was ultimately fatal, the appellant acted under a wave of sudden anger and pr ovocation without any pre-planning or deliberation. The learn ed advocate for the appellant has strenuously urged that the case is clearly covered by Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC, sudden 昀椀ght in t he heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without the accus ed having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusua l manner.

After carefully re-appreciating the entire evidence , we do not 昀椀nd force in the said submission, however, the alternat ive submission praying for the considering the case one falls under the provision of section 304 Part I does requires consideration.

17. The medical evidence, particularly the post-mort em report and the evidence of Dr. Shivratan Modi and Dr. Ganesh Rane, establishes that a single penetrating injury was in 昀氀icted on the chest with a sharp edged sword, which was su昀昀icient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. However, the fact that only one blow was given, that the accused came armed only because of the immediate outburst of anger, that th ere was no repetition of blows, that no attempt was made to ca use further Page 11 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 injury once the deceased collapsed, and that the ac cused immediately 昀氀ed the spot without chasing anyone else, clearly demonstrate that although the accused had knowledge that the injury was likely to cause death, the intention to cause death is not made out beyond reasonable doubt. The consistent evidence of eye- witnesses, including complainant Satish, Kaushalyab en, Indravatiben and Hitesh, does not re昀氀ect any pre-planned design or motive strong enough to infer intention to kill.

18. This Court 昀椀nds that the learned Sessions Judge failed to properly appreciate the mitigating circumstances an d the fact that the incident took place in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel without premeditation on the ground that there was a grude with the deceased having starring at his wife therefore erred in holding the o昀昀ence to be murder punishable under Section 302 IPC. The circumstances as established squarely attr act and bring the case within the purview of Part I of Section 304 IPC.

19. Furthermore, the deceased was immediately rushed to Sumeru Hospital and was conscious enough to be shifted on a bike;

death occurred only after he was taken to hospital and declared brought dead. This also indicates that the single t hrust, though fatal, was delivered in a sudden 昀椀t of rage rather than with a formed intention to kill. On a cumulative assessmen t of the entire ocular, medical and in the light of settled proposition, we are persuaded to alter the conviction from Section 302 IPC to Section 304 Part I IPC. The conviction under Section 323 IP C for causing hurt to Kaushalyaben by slapping and throttling her and under Section 452 IPC for house trespass with intent to c ommit o昀昀ence punishable stands con昀椀rmed.

Page 12 of 16

R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 20. In light of the principles laid down in Rampal Singh V.

State of U.P. 2012 8 SCC 289 while reiterating and drawing support from Virsa Singh v. State of Punjab [AIR 1958 SC 465 : 1958 Cri LJ 818], and as reiterated in the recent decision of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Nandkumar @ Nandu Manilal Mudaliar v. State of Gujarat (2025 INSC 1302) , the distinction between murder under Section 302 and culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 turns upon th e presence or absence of intention has been succinctly dealt with and observed as under:

“19. The di昀昀erence was further elucidated in Rampal Singh v. State of U.P.,(2012) in the following words:

“18. This Court in Vineet Kumar Chauhan v. State of U.P.

[(2007) 14 SCC 660 : (2009) 1 SCC (Cri) 915] noticed that academic distinction between “murder” and “culpable homicide not amounting to murder” had vividly been brought out by this Court in State of A.P. v. Rayavarapu Punnayya [(1976) 4 SCC 382 : 1976 SCC (Cri) 659] where it was observed as under: (Vineet Kumar case [(2007) 14 SCC 660 : (2009) 1 SCC (Cri) 915], SCC pp. 665-66, para 16)

“16. … that the safest way of approach to the interpretation and application of Sections 299 and 300 IPC is to keep in focus the key words used in various clause s of the said sections. Minutely comparing each of the clauses of Sections 299 and 300 IPC and drawing support from the decisions of this Court in Virsa Singh v. State of Punja b [AIR 1958 SC 465 : 1958 Cri LJ 818] and Rajwant Singh v.

State of Kerala [AIR 1966 SC 1874 : 1966 Cri LJ 1509] , speaking for the Court, R.S. Sarkaria, J. neatly brought out the points of distinction between the two o昀昀ences, which have been time and again reiterated. Having done so, t he Court said that wherever the court is confronted with the question whether the o昀昀ence is ‘murder’ or ‘culpable homicide not amounting to murder’, on the facts of a case , it [would] be convenient for it to approach the problem in three stages. The question to be considered at the 昀椀rst Page 13 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 stage would be, whether the accused has done an act by doing which he has caused the death of another. Proof of such causal connection between the act of the accused and the death, leads to the second stage for considering whether that act of the accused amounts to ‘culpable homicide’ as de昀椀ned in Section 299. … If the answer to this question is in the negative the o昀昀ence would be ‘culpable homicide not amounting to murder’, punishable under the First or the Second Part of Section Page 8 of 29 304, depending, respectively, on whether the second or the third clause of Section 299 is applicable. If this quest ion is found in the positive, but the case comes within any of the Exceptions enumerated in Section 300, the o昀昀ence would still be ‘culpable homicide not amounting to murder’, punishable under the First Part of Section 304 IPC. It was , however, clari昀椀ed that these were only broad guidelines to facilitate the task of the court and not cast-iron imperative.”

20. This Court in the aforesaid case of Rampal Singh (supra) further explained the di昀昀erence between these two o昀昀ences from the perspective of the punitive provisions of Sections 302 and 304 IPC by grading the o昀昀ences in three categories as follows:

“21.Sections 302 and 304 of the Code are primarily the punitive provisions. They declare what punishment a person would be liable to be awarded, if he commits e ither of the o昀昀ences. An analysis of these two sections must b e done having regard to what is common to the o昀昀ences and what is special to each one of them. The o昀昀ence of culpable homicide is thus an o昀昀ence which may or may not be murder. If it is murder, then it is culpable homicide amounting to murder, for which punishment is prescribed in Section 302 of the Code. Section 304 deals with cas es not covered by Section 302 and it divides the o昀昀ence into two distinct classes, that is, (a) those in which the dea th is intentionally caused; and (b) those in which the death is caused unintentionally but knowingly. In the former case the sentence of imprisonment is compulsory and the maximum sentence admissible is imprisonment for life. In the latter case, imprisonment is only optional, and the maximum sentence only extends to imprisonment for 10 Page 14 of 16 R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 years. The 昀椀rst clause of Section 304 includes only those cases in which o昀昀ence is really “murder”, but mitigated by the presence of circumstances recognised in the Exceptions to Section 300 of the Code, the second clause deals only with the cases in which the accused has no intention of injuring anyone in particular. In this regard, we may a lso refer to the judgment of this Court in Fatta v. Emperor [AIR 1931 Lah 63] , 1151. C. 476 (Refer: Penal Law of India by Dr Hari Singh Gour, Vol. 3, 2009.)”

21. Considering the totality of the circumstances, s ingle blow, sudden quarrel without premeditation, no undue adva ntage taken, no cruelty or unusual manner, the parties being fro m the same village with prior minor disputes, and the fact tha t the appellant has already undergone more than 10 years of actual imprisonment as on date. We are of the view that the ends of justice would be met by sentencing the appellant to the period already u ndergone under Section 304 Part I IPC, along with the 昀椀ne already imposed.

22. The sentence of rigorous imprisonment already un dergone under Sections 323 and 452 IPC is maintained; since the appellant has remained in custody for over 10 years, no furth er incarceration is required even under these sections.

23. In the result, the appeal is partly allowed:

(a) The conviction of the appellant under Section 3 02 IPC is altered to one under Section 304 Part I IPC.

(b) The sentence of imprisonment for life is modi昀椀e d to the period already undergone.

(c) The 昀椀ne amount and default sentence imposed by the sessions court shall remain unaltered.

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R/CR.A/806/2016 JUDGMENT DATED: 11/12/2025 (d) The convictions and sentences recorded under Sections 323 and 452 IPC are con昀椀rmed, but stand satis昀椀ed by the period already undergone.

(e) The appellant is ordered to be set at liberty forthwith if not required in any other case.

(f) Bail bonds, if any, stand discharged.

(ILESH J. VORA,J)

(R. T. VACHHANI, J)

Kaushal Rathod

Page 16 of 16

Original copy of this order has been signed by the Hon'ble Judges.

Digitally signed by: KAUSHAL MAHESHBHAI RATHOD(HCD0078), ENGLISH STENOGRAPHER GRADE TWO CLASS TWO, at High Court of Gujarat on 11/12/2025 14:53:10