IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881

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IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

(Suo Motu Writ Petition (Crl.) No. 2 of 2020)

APRIL 16, 2021

[S. A. BOBDE, CJI, L. NAGESWARA RAO, B. R. GA V AI, A. S. BOPANNA, S. RA VINDRA BHAT, JJ.] Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: s. 138 – Expeditious trial / disposal of cases u/s. 138 – Pendency of matters u/s. 138 at various levels, having adverse effect in disposal of other cr iminal cases – Imminent need for remedying the situation – Suo Motu Writ P etition – Issuance of notice to Union of India, Registrar Ge nerals of the High Courts, Director Generals of Police of the State s and Union Territories, Member Secretary of the National Legal Services Authority, Reserve Bank of India and Indian Banks’ Asso ciation – Submission of preliminary report by amici curiae, based on the responses by the State Government and Union Territories – In v eiw thereof, necessary suggestions made for redressal o f backlog of cases, by this Court – Request to High Courts to is sue practice directions to the Magistrates to record reasons befo re converting trial of complaints u/s 138 from summary trial to summ ons trial – Inquiry to be conducted on receipt of complaints u/s 138 to arrive at sufficient grounds to proceed against the accuse d, when such accused resides beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the court – For the conduct of inquiry u/s 202 of the Code, evidence of witne sses on behalf of the complainant to be permitted to be taken on affidavit , and in suitable cases, the Magistrate can restrict the inquiry to examination of documents without insisting for exam ination of witnesses – Amendments be made to the Act for provisi on of one trial against a person for multiple offences u/s 138 commit ted within a period of 12 months, notwithstanding the restriction in s. 219 of the Code – Request to High Courts to issue practice di rections to the trial courts to treat service of summons in one compl aint u/s 138 forming part of a transaction, as deemed service in respect of all the complaints filed before the same court relating to dishonour of cheques issued as part of the said transaction – Amendment to the Act empowering the trial courts to reconsider/recal l summons in respect of complaints u/s 138 to be considered by t he Committee constituted, alongwith the other issues relating to expeditious A B C D E F G H 258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 4 S.C.R.

disposal of complaints u/s 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 – ss. 202, 219, 258, 322.

Adalat Prasad v. Rooplal Jindal and Others (2004) 7 SCC 338; Subramanium Sethuraman v. State of Maharashtra & Anr. (2004) 13 SCC 324 – relied on.

Meters and Instruments Private Limited and Another v.

Kanchan Mehta (2018) 1 SCC 560 : [2017] 10 SCR 66 – held not correct law.

Vijay Dhanuka & Ors. v. Najima Mamtaj & Ors. (2014)

14 SCC 638 : [2014] 4 SCR 171; Abhijit Pawar v.

Hemant Madhukar Nimbalkar and Anr. (2017) 3 SCC 528 : [2016] 9 SCR 475; Birla Corporation Limited v.

Adventz Investments and Holdings Limited & Ors.

(2019) 16 SCC 610 : [2019] 7 SCR 655; K.S. Joseph v. Philips Carbon Black Ltd & Anr. (2016) 11 SCC 105 : [2016] 2 SCR 914; Balbir v. State of Haryana & Anr. (2000) 1 SCC 285 : [1999] 4 Suppl. SCR 120;

Vani Agro Enterprises v. State of Gujarat & Ors. 2019 (10) SCJ 238; State of Andhra Pradesh v. Cheemalapati Ganeswara Rao & Anr . [1964] 3 SCR 297; K. M.

Mathew v. State of Kerala & Anr (1992) 1 SCC 217 :

[1991] 2 Suppl. SCR 364; Union of India v. Deoki Nandan Aggarwal 1992 Supp (1) SCC 323 : [1991] 3 SCR 873 – referred to.

Case Law Reference

[2014] 4 SCR 171 referred to Para 10

[2016] 9 SCR 475 referred to Para 10

[2019] 7 SCR 655 referred to Para 10

[2016] 2 SCR 914 referred to Para 11

[1999] 4 Suppl. SCR 120 referred to Para 13 2019 (10) SCJ 238 referred to Para14 [1964] 3 SCR 297 referred to Para 15 [1991] 2 Suppl. SCR 364 referred to Para 17 A B C D E F G H 259 [1991] 3 SCR 873 referred to Para 20 (2004) 7 SCC 338 relied on Para 24 (2004) 13 SCC 324 relied on Para24 [2017] 10 SCR 66 held not correct law Para 24 CRIMINAL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Suo Motu Writ Petition (Crl.) No.2 of 2020.

Suo Motu Proceeding Under Article 32 of The Constitution.

Tushar Mehta, Ld. SG ., Vikramjit Banerjee, Ld. ASG., Neeraj, Mrs. Garima Prashad, AAGs., Sidharth Luthra, Mrs. Garima Prashad, Soumya Chakraborty, Sunil Kumar, P.H. Parekh, Thomas P. Joseph, Sr.

Adv., K. Parameshwar, M.V. Mukunda, Ms. A. Sregurupriya, Raj at Mathur, Anmol Kheta, Sheezan Hashmi, Akshat Kumar, Mrs. Ne ela Kedar Gokhle, P. V . Yogeshwaran, Divyansh H. Rathi, B. V. Balaram Das, Raj Bahadur Yadav, Ms. Manisha Ambwani, G .S. Makker, Saumya Sinha, Piyush Beriwal, Dr. Monika Gusain, Aviral Saxena, Vishwa Pal Singh, Mahfooz A Nazki, Polanki Gowtham, Shaik Mohamad Haneef, T. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, Amitabh Sinha, Shrey Sharma, Shubhranshu Padhi, Ashish Yadav, Rakshit Jain, Vishal Banshal, Abhinav Agrawal, Harpreet Singh Gupta, Manish Kumar, Gaurav Agrawal, Raghv endra Kumar, Anand Kumar Dubey, Narendra Kumar, Anupam Raina, Sunando Raha, Naresh K. Sharma, S. Udaya Kumar Sagar, Ms. Sweena Nair, Abhimanyu Tewari, V .G . Pragasam, S. Prabhu Ramasubramanian, M.

Yogesh Kanna, Raja Rajeshwaran S, Aditya Chadha, Ms. Uma Prasuna Bachu, Mrs. Jaspreet Gogia, Ms. Mandakini Singh, Karanvir Gogia, Ms.

Shivangi Singhal, Ms. Ashima Mandla, Yashvardhan, Apoorv Shukla, Ms. Smita Kant, Ms. Ishita Farsaiya, Ms. Prabhleen Kaur, Ms. Garima Prashad, Avijit Mani Tripathi, T.K. Nayak, Pukhrambam Ramesh Kumar, Ms. Anupama Ngangom, Karun Sharma, Sachin Patil, Rahul Chitnis, Aaditya A. Pande, Geo Joseph, Jishnu M.L., Ms. Priyanka Prakash, Ms. Beena Prakash, G . Prakash, Ms. Aruna Mathur, Avneesh Arputham, For M/S. Arputham Aruna And Co, Shuvodeep Roy, Kumar Anurag Singh, Anando Mukherjee, Ms. Tulika Mukherjee, Vinay Garg, Upendra Mishra, Ashish Ranjan, Kunal Chatterji, Ms. Maitrayee Banerjee, Pravar Veer Misra, Gopal Jha, Shreyash Bhardwaj, Romy Chacko, Sha kthi Chand Jaidwal, Ashwin Romy, Satish Pandey, Salim Ansari, Sa meer Parekh, R. Nedumaran, Sharan Thakur, Mahesh Thakur, Siddhartha IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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Thakur, Ms. Vipasha Singh, Sanjai Kumar Pathak, Arvind Kumar Tripathi, Ms. Shashi Pathak, Jamnesh Kumar, Himanshu Shekhar, Ms. Eliza Bar, Pai Amit, Sameer Parekh, Kshatrashal Raj, Ms. Tanya Chaudhr y, Ms.

Pratyusha Priyadarshini, Ms. Nitika Pandey for M/S Parekh & Co., Siddhesh Kotwal, Ms. Bansuri Swaraj, Divyansh Tiwari , Ms. Ana Upadhyay, Ms. Manya Hasija, Nirnimesh Dube, V. N. Raghupathy, Ms.

Rachana Srivastava, Ms. Rachna Gandhi, Suhaan Mukerji, Vishal Prasad, Nikhil Parikshith, Abhishek Manchanda, Sayandeep Pahari for M/S. PLR Chambers And Co., Shree Pal Singh, Abhimanyu Jhamba, Ashish Jhamb, Samir Ali Khan, Ms. Pragati Neekhra, Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, Aniruddha P. Mayee, Apoorv Kurup, Ms. Nidhi Mittal, Ms. U ttara Babbar, Manan Bansal, Ms. Shweta Mohta, Sibo Sankar Mishra, V .K.

Biju, Amlendu Kumar Akhilesh Kumar Jha, Shaji George, Ms. Rubina Jawed, Dr. Lalit Bhasin, Ms. Nina Gupta, Ms. Christi Jain, Ms. K. Enatoli Sema, Amit Kumar Singh, Apratim Animesh Thakur, Ms. Prachi Hasija, Arjun Garg, Ms. Shrutika Garg, Ms. Radhika Gautam, K. V . Jagdishvaran, Ms. G . Indira, Ms. Taruna Ardhendumauli Prasad, Parth Awasthi, Dr.

Rajesh Pandey, Ms. Awasthi M.K., Ramesh Babu M. R., Ms. Manisha Singh, Ms. Nisha Sharma, Dr. Abhishek Atrey, Shibashish Misra, Shree Pal Singh, Advs. for the appearing Parties.

Applicant-in-person.

The following Order of the Court was passed:

ORDER

1. Special Leave Petition (Criminal) No. 5464 of 2016 pertains to dishonour of two cheques on 27.01.2005 for an amount of Rs.1,70,000/ -. The dispute has remained pending for the past 16 years. Conc erned with the large number of cases filed under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter ‘the Act’) pending at various levels, a Division Bench of this Court consisting of two of us (the Chief Justice of India and L. Nageswara Rao, J.) decided to examine the reasons for the delay in disposal of these cases. The Registry was directed to register a Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) captioned as “Expeditious Trial of Cases under Section 138 of N.I. Act 1881”. Mr. Sidharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel was appointed as Amicus Curiae and M r. K.

Parameshwar, learned Counsel was requested to assist him. No tices were issued to the Union of India, Registrar Generals of the High Courts, Director Generals of Police of the States and Union Territories, Member A B C D E F G H 261 Secretary of the National Legal Services Authority, Res erve Bank of India and Indian Banks’ Association, Mumbai as the representative of banking institutions.

2. The learned Amici Curiae submitted a preliminary re port on 11.10.2020 which was circulated to all the Respondents. On 19.01.2021, the learned Amici Curiae informed this Court that only 14 out of 25 High Courts had submitted their responses to the preliminary re port. The Reserve Bank of India had also filed its suggestions. Seven Directors General of Police had filed their affidavits putting forward their views to the preliminary report. The parties who had not filed thei r responses were granted further time and the matter was listed on 24.02.2021 fo r final disposal. During the course of the hearing, it was felt by a Bench of three Judges, consisting of the Chief Justice of India, L. Na geswara Rao, J. and S. Ravindra Bhat, J. that the matter had to be considered by a larger bench in view of the important issues that arose for determination before this Court. The reference of the matter to a large r bench was also necessitated due to the submission made by the learned Amici Curiae that certain judicial pronouncements of this Court needed clarification.

We have heard learned Amici Curiae, Advocates for some States , the learned Solicitor General of India, Mr. Vikramjit Baner jee, learned Additional Solicitor General of India, Mr. Ramesh Babu, Advocate for the Reserve Bank of India and Dr. Lalit Bhasin, Advocate for the Indian Banks’ Association.

3. Chapter XVII inserted in the Act, containing Sections 138 to 142, came into force on 01.04.1989. Dishonour of ch eques for insufficiency of funds was made punishable with imprisonment for a term of one year or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque as per Section 138. Section 139 dealt with the presumption in favour of the holder that the cheque received was for the discharge, i n whole or in part, of any debt or other liability. The defence which may not be allowed in a prosecution under Section 138 of the Act is governed by Section 140. Section 141 pertains to offences by companies. Section 142 lays down conditions under which cognizance of offences may be taken under Section 138. Over the years, courts were inundated wi th complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act which could not be decided within a reasonable period and remained pending for a number of years.

4. This gargantuan pendency of complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act has had an adverse effect in disposal of other criminal IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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cases. There was an imminent need for remedying the situation which was addressed by the Negotiable Instruments (Amendm ent and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002. Sections 143 to 147 were inserted in the Act, which came into force on 06.02.2003. Section 143 of the Act empowers the court to try complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act summarily, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter, ‘the Code’). Sub-section (3) of Section 143 stipulates that an endeavour be made to conclude the trial within six months from the date of filing of the complaint. Section 144 deals with the mode of service of summons. Section 145 postulates that the evidence of the complainant given by him on affidavit may be read as evidence in any inquiry, trial or other proceeding under the Code. Bank’s s lip or memo denoting that the cheque has been dishonoured is presumed to be prima facie evidence of the fact of dishonour of the cheque, according to Section 146. Section 147 makes offences punishable under the Act compoundable. The punishment prescribed under the Act was enhanced from one year to two years, along with other amendments made t o Sections 138 to 142 with which we are not concerned in this case.

5. The situation has not improved as courts continue to struggle with the humongous pendency of complaints under Section 138 of the Act. The preliminary report submitted by the learned Amici Curiae shows that as on 31.12.2019, the total number of criminal cases pending w as 2.31 crores, out of which 35.16 lakh pertained to Section 138 of the Act.

The reasons for the backlog of cases, according to the learne d Amici Curiae, is that while there is a steady increase in the institution of complaints every year, the rate of disposal does not match t he rate of institution of complaints. Delay in disposal of the complaints under Section 138 of the Act has been due to reasons which we shall deal with in this order.

6. The learned Amici Curiae identified seven major issues fr om the responses filed by the State Governments and Union Territories which are as under:

a) Service of summons

b) Statutory amendment to Section 219 of the Code c) Summary trials d) Attachment of bank accounts A B C D E F G H 263 e) Applicability of Section 202 of the Code f) Mediation g) Inherent jurisdiction of the Magistrate 7. Service of summons on the accused in a complaint filed under Section 138 of the Act has been one of the main reasons for the delay in disposal of the complaints. After examining the responses of the various State Governments and Union Territories, several suggestions have been given by the learned Amici Curiae for speeding up the service of summons.

Some of the suggestions given by him pertain to dishonour slips issued by the bank under Section 146 of the Act, disclosing the current mobile number, email address and postal address of the drawer of the chequ e, the details of the drawer being given on the cheque leaf, cr eation of a Nodal Agency for electronic service of summons and generatio n of a unique number from the dishonour memo. The Union of India and the Reserve Bank of India were directed to submit their response s to the suggestions made by the learned Amici Curiae on these aspec ts. After hearing the learned Solicitor General of India and Mr. Ram esh Babu, learned counsel for the Reserve Bank of India, on 10.03.2021, it was considered appropriate by this Court to form a Committee with Hon’ble Mr. Justice R.C. Chavan, former Judge of the Bombay High Court , as the Chairman to consider various suggestions that are made for arresting the explosion of the judicial docket. The recommendations made by the learned Amici Curiae relating to attachment of bank account s to the extent of the cheque amount, pre-summons mediation and all other issues which are part of the preliminary note and the written submissions of the learned Amici Curiae shall be considered by the afor ementioned Committee, in addition to other related issues which may aris e during such consideration. The Committee is directed to deliberate on the need for creation of additional courts to try complaints under Section 138 of the Act.

MECHANICAL CONVERSION OF SUMMARY TRIAL

TO SUMMONS TRIAL

8. The learned Amici Curiae submitted that Section 143 of the Act provides that Sections 262 to 265 of the Code shall apply for the trial of all offences under Chapter XVII of the Act. The second pr oviso empowers the Magistrate to convert the summary trial to summons trial, if he is of the opinion that a sentence of imprisonment excee ding one IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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year may have to be passed or that it is undesirable to try the case summarily, after recording reasons. The learned Amici Curiae has brought to the notice of this Court that summary trials are routinely converted to summons trials in a mechanical manner. The suggestions made by him in his preliminary note that the High Courts should issue practice directions to the Trial Courts for recording cogent and sufficient reasons before converting a summary trial to summons trial have been accepted by the High Courts.

9. Section 143 of the Act has been introduced in the year 2002 as a step-in aid for quick disposal of complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act. At this stage, it is necessary to refer to C hapter XXI of the Code which deals with summary trials. In a case tried sum marily in which the accused does not plead guilty, it is sufficient for the Magistrate to record the substance of the evidence and deliver a judgment, containing a brief statement of reasons for his findings. There is a restric tion that the procedure for summary trials under Section 262 is not to be applied for any sentence of imprisonment exceeding three months. How ever, Sections 262 to 265 of the Code were made applicable “as far as may be” for trial of an offence under Chapter XVII of the Act, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code. It is only in a case where the Magistrate is of the opinion that it may be necessary to sentence the accused for a term exceeding one year that the complaint shall be tried as a summons trial. From the responses of various High Courts, it is cle ar that the conversion by the Trial Courts of complaints under S ection 138 from summary trial to summons trial is being done mechanically without reasons being recorded. The result of such conversion of complain ts under Section 138 from summary trial to summons tria l has been contributing to the delay in disposal of the cases. Furth er, the second proviso to Section 143 mandates that the Magistrate has to r ecord an order spelling out the reasons for such conversion. The object of Section 143 of the Act is quick disposal of the complaints under Section 138 by following the procedure prescribed for summary trial under the Code, to the extent possible. The discretion conferred on the Magistr ate by the second proviso to Section 143 is to be exercised with due care and caution, after recording reasons for converting the trial of the complaint from summary trial to summons trial. Otherwise, the purpose for which Section 143 of the Act has been introduced would be defeated. W e accept the suggestions made by the learned Amici Curiae in consultation with the High Courts. The High Courts may issue practice directions to A B C D E F G H 265 the Magistrates to record reasons before converting trial of complaints under Section 138 from summary trial to summons trial in e xercise of power under the second proviso to Section 143 of the Act.

INQUIRY UNDER SECTION 202 OF THE CODE IN

RELATION TO SECTION 145 OF THE ACT

10. Section 202 of the Code confers jurisdiction on the Magistrate to conduct an inquiry for the purpose of deciding whether sufficie nt grounds justifying the issue of process are made out. The amendment to Section 202 of the Code with effect from 23.06.2006, vide Act 25 of 2005, made it mandatory for the Magistrate to conduct an inquiry before issue of process, in a case where the accused resides beyond the area of jurisdiction of the court. (See: Vijay Dhanuka & Ors. v. Najima Mamtaj & Ors. 1, Abhijit Pawar v. Hemant Madhukar Nimbalkar and Anr.2and Birla Corporation Limited v. Adventz Investments and Holdings Limited & Ors. 3). There has been a divergence of opinion amongst the High Courts relating to the applicability of Section 202 in respect of complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act. Certain cases under Section 138 have been decided by the High Courts upholding the view that it is mandatory for the Magistrate to conduct an inquiry, as provided in Section 202 of the Code, before issuance of proces s in complaints filed under Section 138. Contrary views have been expressed in some other cases. It has been held that merely because t he accused is residing outside the jurisdiction of the court, it is not necessary for the Magistrate to postpone the issuance of process in each and every case.

Further, it has also been held that not conducting inquiry under Section 202 of the Code would not vitiate the issuance of process, i f requisite satisfaction can be obtained from materials available on record.

11. The learned Amici Curiae referred to a judgment of this Court in K.S. Joseph v. Philips Carbon Black Ltd & Anr. 4where there was a discussion about the requirement of inquiry under Section 202 of the Code in relation to complaints filed under Section 138 but the question of law was left open. In view of the judgments of this Cour t in Vijay Dhanuka (supra), Abhijit Pawar (supra)and Birla Corporation (supra),the inquiry to be held by the Magistrate before issuance of 1 (2014) 14 SCC 638 2 (2017) 3 SCC 528 3 (2019) 16 SCC 610 4 (2016) 11 SCC 105 IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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summons to the accused residing outside the jurisdiction of t he court cannot be dispensed with. The learned Amici Curiae recommended that the Magistrate should come to a conclusion after holding an inquiry that there are sufficient grounds to proceed against the accused. W e are in agreement with the learned Amici.

12. Another point that has been brought to our notice relates to the interpretation of Section 202 (2) which stipulates that the Magistrate shall take evidence of the witness on oath in an inquiry conducted under Section 202 (1) for the purpose of issuance of process. Section 1 45 of the Act provides that the evidence of the complainant may be given by him on affidavit, which shall be read in evidence in any inquiry, trial or other proceeding, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code. Section 145 (2) of the Act enables the court to summon and examine any person giving evidence on affidavit as to the facts contained therei n, on an application of the prosecution or the accused. It is contended b y the learned Amici Curiae that though there is no specific provision permitting the examination of witnesses on affidavit, Section 145 pe rmits the complainant to be examined by way of an affidavit for the purpose of inquiry under Section 202. He suggested that Section 202 (2) should be read along with Section 145 and in respect of complaints under Section 138, the examination of witnesses also should be permitted on affidavit.

Only in exceptional cases, the Magistrate may examine the witnesses personally. Section 145 of the Act is an exception to Section 202 in respect of examination of the complainant by way of an affidavit. There is no specific provision in relation to examination of the witnesses also on affidavit in Section 145. It becomes clear that Section 145 had been inserted in the Act, with effect from the year 2003, with th e laudable object of speeding up trials in complaints filed under Section 138. If the evidence of the complainant may be given by him on affidavit, there is no reason for insisting on the evidence of the witnesses to be taken on oath. On a holistic reading of Section 145 along with Section 202, we hold that Section 202 (2) of the Code is inapplicable to complaints under Section 138 in respect of examination of witnesses on oath. The evidence of witnesses on behalf of the complainant shall be permitted on affidavit.

If the Magistrate holds an inquiry himself, it is not compulsory that he should examine witnesses. In suitable cases, the Magistrate can examine documents for satisfaction as to the sufficiency of grounds for proceeding under Section 202.

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SECTIONS 219 AND 220 OF THE CODE

13. Section 219 of the Code provides that when a person is accused of more offences than one, of the same kind, committed within a space of 12 months, he may be tried at one trial for a maximum of three such offences. If more than one offence is committed by the same person in one series of acts so committed together as to form the same transaction, he may be charged with and tried at one trial, according to Section 220.

In his preliminary report, the learned Amici Curiae sugg ested that a legislative amendment is required to Section 219 of the Code to avoid multiplicity of proceedings where cheques have been issued for one purpose. In so far as Section 220 of the Code is concerned, the learned Amici Curiae submitted that same/similar offences as part of the same transaction in one series of acts may be the subject matter of one trial. It was argued by the learned Amici Curiae that Section 220 (1) of the Code is not controlled by Section 219 and even if the offences are more than three in respect of the same transaction, there can be a joint trial.

Reliance was placed on a judgment of this Court in Balbir v. State of Haryana & Anr. 5 to contend that all offences alleged to have been committed by the accused as a part of the same transaction can be tried together in one trial, even if those offences may have be en committed as a part of a larger conspiracy.

14. The learned Amici Curiae pointed out that the judgment of this Court in V ani Agro Enterprises v. State of Gujarat & Ors.6 needs clarification. In V ani Agro (supra), this Court was dealing with the dishonour of four cheques which was the subject mat ter of four complaints. The question raised therein related to the consolidation of all the four cases. As only three cases can be tried together as per Section 219 of the Code, this Court directed the Trial Court to fix all the four cases on one date. The course adopted by this Court in V ani Agro (supra)

is appropriate in view of the mandate of Section 219 of the Code. Hence, there is no need for any clarification, especially in view of the submission made by the learned Amici that Section 219 be amended sui tably. We find force in the submission of the learned Amici Curiae that one trial for more than three offences of the same kind within the space of 12 months in respect of complaints under Section 138 can only be by an amendment.

To reduce the burden on the docket of the criminal courts, we recommend 5 (2000) 1 SCC 285 6 2019 (10) SCJ 238 IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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that a provision be made in the Act to the effect that a person can be tried in one trial for offences of the same kind under Section 138 in the space of 12 months, notwithstanding the restriction in Section 219 of the Code.

15. Offences that are committed as part of the same trans action can be tried jointly as per Section 220 of the Code. What i s meant by “same transaction” is not defined anywhere in the Code. Indeed, it would always be difficult to define precisely what the expre ssion means.

Whether a transaction can be regarded as the same would nec essarily depend upon the particular facts of each case and it seems to us to be a difficult task to undertake a definition of that which the Legislature has deliberately left undefined. We have not come across a single decision of any court which has embarked upon the difficult task of defining the expression. But it is generally thought that where there is proximity of time or place or unity of purpose and design or continuity of acti on in respect of a series of acts, it may be possible to infer that they form part of the same transaction. It is, however, not necessary that every one of these elements should co-exist for a transaction to be rega rded as the same. But if several acts committed by a person show a unity of purpose or design that would be a strong circumstance to indicate that those acts form part of the same transaction7. There is no ambiguity in Section 220 in accordance with which several cheques issued as a part of the same transaction can be the subject matter of one trial.

16. The learned Amici Curiae have brought to our notice that separate complaints are filed under Section 138 of the Act for dishonour of cheques which are part of the same transaction. Undue delay in service of summons is the main cause for the disproportionate accumulation of complaints under Section 138 before the courts. The learned Am ici suggested that one way of reducing the time spent on service of summons is to treat service of summons served in one complaint pertai ning to a transaction as deemed service for all complaints in relation to t he said transaction. We are in agreement with the suggestion mad e by the learned Amici Curiae. Accordingly, the High Courts are reque sted to issue practice directions to the Trial Courts to treat service of summons in one complaint forming part of a transaction, as deemed ser vice in respect of all the complaints filed before the same c ourt relating to dishonour of cheques issued as part of the said transaction.

7 State of Andhra Pradesh v. Cheemalapati Ganeswara Rao & Anr., (1964) 3 SCR 297 A B C D E F G H 269 INHERENT POWERS OF THE MAGISTRATE 17. In K. M. Mathew v. State of Kerala & Anr.8, this Court dealt with the power of the Magistrate under Chapter XX of the Code after the accused enters appearance in response to the summons issued under Section 204 of the Code. It was held that the accused can plea d before the Magistrate that the process against him ought not to have been issued and the Magistrate may drop the proceedings if he is sa tisfied on reconsideration of the complaint that there is no offence for which th e accused could be tried. This Court was of the opinion that there is no requirement of a specific provision for the Magistrat e to drop the proceedings and as the order issuing the process is an interim order and not a judgment, it can be varied or recalled. The observation in the case of K. M. Mathew (supra) that no specific provision of law is required for recalling an erroneous order of issue of process was hel d to be contrary to the scheme of the Code in Adalat Prasad v. Rooplal Jindal and Others9. It was observed therein that the order taking cognizance can only be subject matter of a proceeding under Section 482 of the Code as subordinate criminal courts have no inherent power. T here is also no power of review conferred on the Trial Courts by the Code. As there is no specific provision for recalling an erroneous orde r by the Trial Court, the judgment in the case of K. M. Mathew (supra) was held to be not laying down correct law. The question whether a person can seek discharge in a summons case was considered by this Court in Subramanium Sethuraman v. State of Maharashtra & Anr. 10. The law laid down in Adalat Prasad (supra) was reiterated.

18. It was contended by learned Amici Curiae that a holistic reading of Sections 251 and 258 of the Code, along with Section 143 of the Act, should be considered to confer a power of review or recall of the issuance of process by the Trial Court in relation to complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act. He referred to a judgment of this Court in Meters and Instruments Private Limited and Another v. Kanchan Mehta11 which reads as follows:

“While it is true that in Subramanium Sethuraman v. State of Maharashtra this Court observed that once the plea of the 8 (1992) 1 SCC 217 9 (2004) 7 SCC 338 10 (2004) 13 SCC 324 11 (2018) 1 SCC 560 IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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accused is recorded under Section 252 CrPC, the procedu re contemplated under Chapter XX CrPC has to be followed to take the trial to its logical conclusion, the said jud gment was rendered as per statutory provisions prior to the 2 002 Amendment. The statutory scheme post-2002 Amendment as considered in Mandvi Coop. Bank and J.V. Baharuni has brought about a change in law and it needs to be recognised.

After the 2002 Amendment, Section 143 of the Act co nfers implied power on the Magistrate to discharge the accused i f the complainant is compensated to the satisfaction of the court, where the accused tenders the cheque amount with int erest and reasonable cost of litigation as assessed by th e court.

Such an interpretation was consistent with the inte ntion of legislature. The court has to balance the rights of the complainant and the accused and also to enhance acce ss to justice. Basic object of the law is to enhance credibility o f the cheque transactions by providing speedy remedy to t he complainant without intending to punish the drawer of the cheque whose conduct is reasonable or where compensat ion to the complainant meets the ends of justice. Appropriate orde r can be passed by the court in exercise of its inheren t power under Section 143 of the Act which is different fro m compounding by consent of parties. Thus, Section 258 CrPC which enables proceedings to be stopped in a summons case, even though strictly speaking is not applicable to complaint cases, since the provisions of CrPC are applicable “so far as may be”, the principle of the said provision is applicable to a complaint case covered by Section 143 of the Act wh ich contemplates applicability of summary trial provisions, a s far as possible i.e. with such deviation as may be necess ary for speedy trial in the context.”

19. In Meters and Instruments (supra), this Court was of the opinion that Section 143 of the Act confers implied po wer on the Magistrate to discharge the accused, if the complainant is compensated to the satisfaction of the court. On that analogy, it was held that apart from compounding by the consent of the parties, the Trial Court has the jurisdiction to pass appropriate orders under Section 143 in exercise of its inherent power. Reliance was placed by this Court on Section 258 of the Code to empower the Trial Courts to pass suitable orders.

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20. Section 143 of the Act mandates that the provisions of summary trial of the Code shall apply “as far as may be” to trials of complaints under Section 138. Section 258 of the Code empowers the Magistrate to stop the proceedings at any stage for reasons to be recorded in writ ing and pronounce a judgment of acquittal in any summons case instituted otherwise than upon complaint. Section 258 of the Code is not applicable to a summons case instituted on a complaint. Therefore, Sect ion 258 cannot come into play in respect of the complaints filed under Sect ion 138 of the Act. The judgment of this Court in Meters and Instruments (supra) in so far as it conferred power on the Trial Court to discharge an accused is not good law. Support taken from the words “as far as may be” in Section 143 of the Act is inappropriate. The words “as far as may be” in Section 143 are used only in respect of applicability of Sections 262 to 265 of the Code and the summary procedure to be followed for trials under Chapter XVII. Conferring power on the court by reading certain words into provisions is impermissible. A judge must not rewrite a statute, neither to enlarge nor to contract it. Whatever temptations the statesmanship of policy-making might wisely suggest, construction must eschew interpolation and evisceration. He must not read in by way of creation12. The Judge’s duty is to interpret and apply the law, not to change it to meet the Judge’s idea of what justice requires 13. The court cannot add words to a statute or read words into it which are not there14.

21. A close scrutiny of the judgments of this Court in Adalat Prasad (supra) and Subramanium Sethuraman (supra) would show that they do not warrant any reconsideration. The Trial Court cannot be conferred with inherent power either to review or recall the order of issuance of process. As held above, this Court, in its anxiety to cut down delays in the disposal of complaints under Section 138, has applied Section 258 to hold that the Trial Court has the power to discharge the accused even for reasons other than payment of compensation. However, amendment to the Act empowering the Trial Court to reconsider/recall summons may be considered on the recommendation of the Committee constituted by this Court which shall look into this aspect as well.

22. Another submission made by the learned Amici Curiae relates to the power of the Magistrate under Section 322 of the Code, to revisit 12 J. Frankfurter, “Of Law and Men: Papers and Address es of Felix Frankfurter”.

13 Dupont Steels Ltd. v. Sirs (1980) 1 All ER 529 (HL)

14 Union of India v. Deoki Nandan Aggarwal 1992 Supp ( 1) SCC 323 IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.

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the order of issue of process if he has no jurisdiction to try the case. We are in agreement with the learned Amici Curiae that in ca se the Trial Court is informed that it lacks jurisdiction to issue process for complaints under Section 138 of the Act, the proceedings shall be staye d and the case shall be submitted to the Chief Judicial Magistrate or such other Magistrate having jurisdiction.

23. Though we have referred all the other issues which are not decided herein to the Committee appointed by this Court on 10.03.2021, it is necessary to deal with the complaints under Section 138 pending in Appellate Courts, High Courts and in this Court. We are informed by the learned Amici Curiae that cases pending at the appellate stage and before the High Courts and this Court can be settled through mediation. We request the High Courts to identify the pending revisions arising out of complaints filed under Section 138 of the Act and refer them to mediation at the earliest. The Courts before which appeals against j udgments in complaints under Section 138 of the Act are pending should be directed to make an effort to settle the disputes through mediation.

24. The upshot of the above discussion leads us to the following conclusions:

1) The High Courts are requested to issue practice directions to the Magistrates to record reasons before converting t rial of complaints under Section 138 of the Act from summary trial to summons trial.

2) Inquiry shall be conducted on receipt of complaints under Section 138 of the Act to arrive at sufficient grounds to proceed ag ainst the accused, when such accused resides beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the court.

3) For the conduct of inquiry under Section 202 of the Code, evidence of witnesses on behalf of the complainant sh all be permitted to be taken on affidavit. In suitable cases, the Magistrate can restrict the inquiry to examination of documents without insisting for examination of witnesses.

4) We recommend that suitable amendments be made to the Act for provision of one trial against a person for multiple of fences under Section 138 of the Act committed within a period of 12 months, notwithstanding the restriction in Section 219 of the Code.

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5) The High Courts are requested to issue practice directions to the Trial Courts to treat service of summons in one complaint under Section 138 forming part of a transaction, as deemed service in respect of all the complaints filed before the same court relating to dishonour of cheques issued as part of the said transaction.

6) Judgments of this Court in Adalat Prasad (supra) and Subramanium Sethuraman (supra) have interpreted the law correctly and we reiterate that there is no inherent power of Trial Courts to review or recall the issue of summons. This doe s not affect the power of the Trial Court under Section 322 of the Code to revisit the order of issue of process in case it is brought to the court’s notice that it lacks jurisdiction to try the complaint.

7) Section 258 of the Code is not applicable to complaints under Section 138 of the Act and findings to the contrary in Meters and Instruments (supra) do not lay down correct law. To conclusively deal with this aspect, amendment to the Act empowering the Trial Courts to reconsider/recall summons in respect of complaints under Section 138 shall be considered by the Committee constituted by an order of this Court dated 10.03.2021.

8) All other points, which have been raised by the Amici Curiae in their preliminary report and written submissions and not considered herein, shall be the subject matter of deliberation by the aforementioned Committee. Any other issue relating to expeditious disposal of complaints under Section 138 of the Act shall also be considered by the Committee.

25. List the matter after eight weeks. Further hearing in this matter will be before 3-Judges Bench.

26. We place on record our appreciation for the valuable assistance rendered by Mr. Sidharth Luthra, learned Senior Counsel and Mr. K .

Parameshwar, learned Counsel, as Amici Curiae.

Nidhi Jain Directions issued.

IN RE: EXPEDITIOUS TRIAL OF CASES UNDER SECTION 138 OF N.I. ACT 1881.